ABSTRAK
Herianto. T141108003. Analisis Teknik, Metode, dan Ideologi Penerjemahan dan Dampaknya terhadap Kualitas Terjemahan Cerita Alkitab Anak . Promotor: Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D. ; Co-Promotor: Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D.; Dissertation of Doctorate Program of Surakarta Sebelas Maret University.
Kotbah bagi anak-anak pemeluk agama Kristen dilakukan melalui metode bercerita. Sumber ceritanya adalah Alkitab. Selain itu, sumbernya adalah buku cerita alkitab anak. Cerita dalam buku cerita alkitab anak bersumber dari alkitab. Buku cerita alkitab anak yang beredar di Indonesia sebagian besar ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris yang disertai dengan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan satuan gramatikal yang membangun cerita alkitab anak yang berjudul “Classical Children’s Bible” dan terjemahannya; (2) mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan teknik penerjemahan yang diterapkan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan satuan gramatikal cerita alkitab anak yang berjudul “Classical Children’s Bible; (3) mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan metode penerjemahan yang diterapkan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan cerita alkitab anak yang berjudul “Classical Children’s Bible”; (4) mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan ideologi penerjemahan yang dianut penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan cerita alkitab anak yang berjudul “Classical Children’s Bible”; dan (5) mendeskripsikan dan merumuskan dampak penggunaan teknik penerjemahan, metode penerjemahan, dan ideologi penerjemahan yang diterapkan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan cerita alkitab anak yang berjudul “Classical Children’s Bible” terhadap kualitas terjemahannya.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk secara holistik menggambarkan teknik penerjemahan, metode, penerjemahan, dan ideologi penerjemahan yang diterapkan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan buku cerita alkitab anak Classical Children’s Bible ke bahasa Indonesia. Data penelitian ini mencakup data primer dan data sekunder. Yang pertama mencakup data linguistik, yaitu satuan gramatikal kata, frasa, dan kalimat dan data penerjemahan, yaitu teknik penerjemahan, metode penerjemahan, dan ideologi penerjemahan serta kualitas terjemahan. Data primer tersebut diperoleh dari Cerita Aklitab Anak Classical Children’s Bible dan terjemahannya. Yang kedua mencakup hasil penelitian dan teori yang terkait. Data linguistik dan data penerjemahan diperoleh melalui analisis dokumen dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data penelitian tersebut selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan langkah-langkah analisis yang dikemukakan Spradley yang mencakup analisis domain, analisis taksonomi, analisis komponensial, dan analisis tema budaya.
Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, bagian teks sumber (TSu) dibangun dari satuan gramatikal kata pada bagian pembangunan karakter, frasa dan kalimat pada bagian judul, dan kalimat pada bagian tubuh. Sementara bagian teks sasaran (TSa) dibangun dari satuan gramatikal kata dan frasa pada bagian pembangunan karakter, frasa dan kalimat pada bagian bagian judul, dan frasa dan kalimat pada bagian tubuh cerita. Terjadi pergeseran satuan gramatikal kata menjadi satuan gramatikal frasa pada bagian pembangunan karakter. Selanjutnya terjadi pergeseran satuan gramatikal kalimat majemuk, kompleks, atau campuran menjadi satuan gramatika kalimat sederhana, majemuk, atau kompleks (downrank) dan satuan gramatikal kalimat majemuk menjadi satuan gramatikal frasa. Terjadi juga pergeseran sebaliknya (uprank), yaitu satuan gramatikal kalimat sederhana menjadi satuan gramatikal kalimat majemuk. Kedua, penerjemah menggunakan teknik penerjemahan padanan lazim, eksplisitasi, variasi, modulasi, implisitasi, transposisi, kreasi diskursif, reduksi, generalisasi, kompensasi, calque, addition, partikularisasi, parafrasa, literal, description, deletion, dan amplifikasi linguistik dan teknik penerjemahan baru, yakni teknik penerjemahan correction. Yang paling dominan adalah teknik penerjemahan padanan lazim sementara yang paling sedikit penggunaannya adalah teknik penerjemahan deletion dan amplifikasi linguistik. Ketiga, metode penerjemahannya berorientasi ke bahasa sasaran (BSa), yaitu metode penerjemahan komunikatif. Keempat, ideologi penerjemahan yang melatarbelakangi terjemahan adalah domestikasi. Kelima, secara keseluruhan kualitas terjemahan baik atau hampir sempurna. Dalam hal keakuratan, teknik penerjemahan yang memiliki dampak sehingga terjemahan tidak sempurna adalah teknik penerjemahan deletion, kreasi diskursif, dan reduction. Selanjutnya, teknik yang menyebabkan keberterimaan terjemahan tidak sempurna mencakup teknik penerjemahan kreasi diskursif, literal, dan deletion Sebaliknya, teknik penerjemahan yang membuat terjemahan itu memiliki keterbacaan tinggi atau sempurna atau hampir sempurna adalah teknik padanan lazim dan eksplitasi. Akan tetapi, ada kalanya keterbacaan terjemahan menjadi rendah karena penggunaan istilah yang belum dikenal oleh pembaca target.
Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut. 1) Cerita alkitab anak pada TSu dm TSa terdiri dari bagian pembangunan karakter, judul, dan tubuh cerita yang yang dibangun dengan satuan gramatikal kata, frasa, dan kalimat. Terjadi pergeseran satuan gramatikal karena penggunaan teknik transposisi. 2) Teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan cenderung berorientasi ke BSa. 3) Metode penerjemahan yang digunakan adalah metode penerjemahan komunikatif. 4) Ideologi penerjemahan yang melatarbelakangi penerjemahannya adalah ideologi domestikasi. 5) Secara umum masing-masing aspek kualitas terjemahan tergolong baik (hampir sempurna) dan hampir merata karena penggunaan teknik-teknik secara fungsional dan kreatif, terutama teknik penerjemahan padanan lazim, eksplisitasi, variasi, modulasi, dan transposisi.
Kata Kunci: Satuan gramatikal, teknik penerjemahan, metode penerjemahan, ideologi penerjemahan, kualitas terjemahan
ABSTRACT
Herianto. T141108003. Analysis of Translation Techniques, Methods, and Ideologies, and Their Impact on Quality of Translation of Classical Children’s Bible. Promotor: Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.; Co-Promotor: Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D.; Dissertation of Doctorate Program of Surakarta Sebelas Maret University.
The preaching of contents of the bible to Christian children is done through storytelling. The sources of the stories are bible and books of bible stories for children. The stories in the books are taken from the bible. Most of them are simplified and written in English and accompanied with their Indonesian translations.
The objectives of this research are (1) to convey and describe grammatical units which construct the bible stories for children of the book entitled “Classical Children’s Bible” and their transaltions; (2) to convey and describe translation techniques applied by the translator in rendering grammatical units of the book entitled “Classical Children’s Bible”; (3) to convey and describe translation methods selected by the translator in rendering the grammatical units of the book entitled “Classical Children’s Bible”; (4) to convey and describe translation ideologies owned by the translator in rendering grammatical units of the book “Classical Children’s Bible”; and (5) to describe and formulate the impact of translation techniques applied, methods selected, and ideologies owned by the translator in rendering the grammatical units of the book entitled “Classical Children’s Bible” on their translation quality.
This research used the descriptive qualitative method in an attempt to holistically describe the translation techniques applied, methods selected, and ideologies owned by the translator in rendering the book entitled “Classical Children’s Bible” to Indonesian. Its data consisted of primary and secondary ones. The former included linguistic data, namely: words, phrases, and sentences, and the latter were translation ones, namely: translation techniques, methods, and ideologies. The primary data were obtained from the book entitled “Classical Children’s Bible” and its Indonesian translation. The secondary ones included results of related former researches and theories. The linguistic data and the translation data were collected through content analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data of the research were then analyzed by using the stages of analysis proposed by Spradley, which consists of domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis.
The findings of the research are as follows: Firstly, words constructed the character building part of each story of the source texts (STs); words and sentences constructed the title of each story; and sentences constructed the body of each story. Meanwhile, each part of the target texts (TTs) was constructed with words and phrases, phrases and sentences, and a phrase and sentences respectively. The grammatical units of words were transposed to phrases in the character building parts of the TTs. Furthermore, the grammatical units of compound complex, complex, and compound sentences were transposed to compound and simple sentences (down-rank) and two compound sentences in an ST were transposed to a phrase in TT. Conversely, simple sentences in the STs were transposed to compound sentences in the TTs (up-rank). Secondly, the translator employed the translation techniques of established equivalent, explicitation, variation, modulation, implicitation, transposition, discursive creation, reduction, generalization, compensation, calque, addition, particularization, paraphrase, literal, description, deletion, and linguistic amplification and a new translation technique labelled as correction translation technique. The most dominantly used technique was established equivalent whereas the least dominantly used techniques included deletion and linguistic amplification. Thirdly, the translation method chosen by the translator when rendering the STs to TTs was the one oriented to the target language (TL), namely communicative translation method. Fourthly, the translation ideology which was the background to the translations was domestication ideology. Fifthly, overall the translations were good or nearly perfect. In term of accuracy, the translation techniques which caused the translations were not accurate were deletion, discursive, creation, and reduction. In addition, the translations technique which brought about the translations less acceptable were discursive creation, literal, and deletion. Meanwhile, the translation techniques which contributed to the tendency of high readable translations were established equivalent and explicitation. However, the results of the research also showed that the translations were not always to have a high or perfect readability. The translations occasionally had a low readability due to the use of a new or unknown vocabulary and expression.
Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as follows. 1) Each of the bible stories for children both in the STs and in the TTs consists of a character building, a title, and a body, which were constructed with the grammatical units of words, phrases, and/or sentences. 2) The translation techniques used in rendering the bible stories for children are close to the TL. 3) The translation method selected by the translator in rendering the bible stories for children is communicative translation method. 4) The translation ideology of the translation, which becomes the background to the translation of the stories for children, is domestication. 5) Overall, each aspect of translation quality is good (nearly perfect) and nearly evenly distributed because the translator used the translation techniques functionally and creatively, particularly those of established equivalent, variation, modulation, and transposition.
Keywords: Grammatical unit, translation techniques, translation methods, translation ideology, translation quality
